We will be drilling deeper into downstream oil and gas segments, starting with refining. Petroleum refining waterwastewater use and management refinery water overview a schematic example of the typical water balance in a refinery figure 1 refinery water balance. Bandwidth study on energy use and potential energy saving opportunities in u. Zeolites, or more broadly molecular sieves, can be found in a majority of the major catalytic processes in todays petroleum refinery. Cobalt recovery from waste catalysts petroleum refining. Doe treating in petroleum refining is a means by which contaminants such as organic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen.
Complete separation into fractions containing individual compounds is economically impractical and virtually impossible technically. Oil 101 introduction to refining downstream oil and gas. Petroleum institute, which uses the oapi scale index that is based on the oil relative density as. Nearly every aspect of our modern lifestyle is impacted by oil. Crude oil is a viscous mobile liquid mixed with water and. Most of the hydrogen is consumed in refinery desulfurization facilities, which remove hydrogen sulfide from the gas stream and then separate that compound into elemental hydrogen and sulfur. With so many changes over the last few decades in equipment and processes, petroleum refining is almost a living document, constantly needing updating. Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a creative commons attributionnoncommercialsharealike 4. The economics of petroleum refining canadian fuels association. Petroleum is converted into energy rich fuels such as gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, liquid petroleum gas lpg, and other fuel oils. Refining operations petroleum refining processes and operations can be separated into five basic areas. Petroleum refining or oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like liquefied petroleum gas lpg, kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. Oil refining refineries process crude oil products into fuel products, including gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and other similar product.
Petroleum refining sector naics 324110 energy and ghg. A snapshot of how the petroleum refining sector ranks in terms of energy use and losses within manufacturing is shown in table 2. Young builds a coaloil refinery in whitburn, scotland. Benzene and toluene are the starting materials used to make polyurethanes, which are used in surfactants, oils, and even to varnish wood. This courseware module is part of penn states college of earth and mineral sciences oer initiative.
Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum. Classified under sic 29, the petroleum refining industry is. Petroleum refining an overview sciencedirect topics. Petroleum refining and petrochemical processes natural gas composition, classification, processing faculty of chemical engineering and technology university of zagreb ante jukic zavod za tehnologiju nafte i petrokemiju hr0 zagreb, savska cesta 16, p. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petrochemicals james g. Petroleum refining design and applications handbook wiley. Chemistry, refining, fuels and petrochemicals petroleum products james g. Petroleum, complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in earth in liquid, gaseous, or solid form. The term is often restricted to the liquid form, commonly called crude oil, but, as a technical term, petroleum also includes natural gas and the viscous or solid form known as bitumen, which is found. Optimization of water usage at petroleum refineries. Treatment processes in petroleum refining introduction oil refinery. There is a renaissance that is occurring in chemical and process engineering, and it is crucial for todays scientists, engineers, technicians, and operators to stay current.
Current canadian refining capacity exceeds domestic demand. There are three steps in the petroleum refining process separation, conversion. S the united states has the worlds largest refining capacity, processing just less than a quarter of all crude oil in the world. Petroleum refinery energy efficiencies can then be used to determine the total amount of process energy use for refinery operation. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss refinery gas c1 c4 161 1. However, as is the case with the latest trends in changing. Cobalt and its compounds especially cobalt carboxylates, known as cobalt soaps are good oxidation catalysts. These are used in paints, var nishes, and ink as drying agents in which the oxidation of. Petroleum refining and the prod uction of ulsg and ulsd october 24, 2011 page 2 2.
Before watching this video you should watch our video explaining how crude oil is separated into its. Petrochemicals feed stock like ethylene and propylene can also be produced directly by cracking crude oil without the need. For many in the salt business, the oil was a nuisance, and they were content to burn it or allow it to run off. Shreve and brink 1977, nelson 1958, rossini 1947, sweeney 1950 and arene and kitwood 1979 have noted that petroleum is a highly complex mixture, the main constituents being compounds gases, liquids and solid of hydrocarbons 1115% hydrogen and 8387% carbon which are classified as alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Term energy outlook steo model provides forecasts of petroleum refinery inputs crude oil, unfinished oils, pentanes plus, liquefied petroleum gas, motor gasoline blending components, and aviation gasoline blending components and. Oil is used to power our vehicles, to create medicines that keep us healthy, and to make the plastics, cosmetics, and other personal products that enhance our daily lives. Principal energyrelated uses of the products of petroleum refining. A chemical process essentially involves streams whose composition is fairly known.
The first step in refining petroleum is distillation. Energy efficiencies of petroleum refineries argonne national. Chapter 5 the petroleum refining industry industry overview the petroleum refining industry uses the largest quantity of premium fuels in the industrial sector, amounting to 2,7 quads in 1981. The example refinery flow scheme presented in figure 5. Appendix a overview of petroleum refining hydrocracking in general, catalytic cracking has replaced most uses of thermal cracking. This is exemplified by discussing the applications of nanotechnology in several typical petroleum refining processes. Learn the basics about the uses of crude oil fractions.
Increasingg, y, water costs, availability, and conservation initiatives are driving the need to reevaluate usaggppye and supply alternatives. Petroleum, nowadays, is a main source of energy in the world. The petroleum refining sector has the largest process heating energy demand of all manufacturing sectors, and correspondingly is also the largest generator of onsite ghg combustion emissions. Semih eser, professor of energy and geoenvironmental engineering, college of earth and mineral sciences, penn state. Walter seigmund, wikimedia commons petroleum refining processes are those chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform petroleum crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol. Every aspect of daytoday life of man is somehow influenced by the use of petroleum. Improved water use strategies, oldimproved water use strategies, old technologies, and newer technologies are. Petroleum refining is a technology that uses fossil fuels as raw materials and chemical catalysts as a means to achieve conversion of petroleum through once, twice, and deep processing to get a series of chemical products, which are further used as the basic raw materials for synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, chemical fertilizers and pesticides production. Water requirements of the petroleum refining industry by louis e.
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils. Petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Petroleum refining processes petroleum refinery in anacortes, washington cc. The petroleum refining industry converts crude oil into more than 2500 refined products, including liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, aviation fuel, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, and feedstocks for the petrochemical industry. Petroleum refining petroleum refining petroleum products and their uses. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries also referred to as oil refineries to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas lpg, gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units.
Petroleum distillates such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and others provide the raw material for products that include dyes, synthetic detergents, and fabrics. Although the major products of the petroleum refining sector are transportation fuels, its products are also used in other energy applications, and as feedstock for. This paper provides an overview of the use of zeolite catalysts in todays petroleum refineries, and emphasizes some of the newer refining applications including gasoline sulfur removal and dewaxing via isomerization. Petroleum naphtha is an intermediate hydrocarbon liquid stream derived from the refining of crude oil with casno 64742489.
Petroleum refineries change crude oil into petroleum products for use as fuels for transportation, heating, paving roads, and generating electricity and as feedstocks for making chemicals refining breaks crude oil down into its various components, which are then selectively reconfigured into new products. With no new refineries being built, companies are spending their. The fuels derived from petroleum contribute approximately onethird to onehalf of the total world energy supply and are used not only for transportation fuels i. Bandwidth study on energy use and potential energy saving. An overview of heavy oil properties and its recovery and transportation methods 573 brazilian journal of chemical engineering vol.
Pdf nanotechnology applications in petroleum refining. The alkylation process combines light isoparaffins, most commonly isobutane, with c 3 c 4 olefins, to produce a mixture of higher molecular weight isoparaffins i. Chinas petroleum refining industry, which was developed based on its own technologies and resources, has made great strides over the past 20 yr and has become the focus of the worlds attention. These processes require hose assemblies for petroleum transfer, steam lines, and for the transfer of byproducts and additives associated with refining. Petroleum refining at a glance petroleum refining is a unique and critical link in the petroleum supply chain, from the wellhead to the pump. All forms of catalytic cracking break down complex compounds into simpler structures to increase the quality and quantity of the desirable products and decrease the amount of residuals. Isobutane and c 3 c 4 olefins are produced as byproducts from fcc and other catalytic and thermal conversion processes in a refinery. Speight encyclopedia of life support systems eolss some to be a mature industry. Gaseous refinery products include hydrogen, fuel gas, ethane, propane, and butane. Refining adds value by converting crude oil which in itself has. It is second only to the chemicals industry in the total amount of energy it consumes. Profile of the petroleum refining industry in california energy. In the early days of the oil industry, the methods for refining oil were very different than the. The other links add value to petroleum mainly by moving and storing it e.
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